In wireless communication systems, a repeater serves as an intra-frequency relay device that amplifies signals directly during transmission. Its primary function is to act as an RF signal power booster. Due to its low cost, ease of installation, and flexible deployment, repeaters are widely used in mobile networks to enhance base station coverage. They help address areas with poor or no signal, such as highways, subways, tunnels, parking lots, shopping malls, hotels, airports, terminals, remote suburbs, and densely populated indoor spaces. By installing repeaters in these locations, network coverage can be expanded, and signal weak zones or blind spots can be effectively eliminated.
With the increasing use of repeaters, their energy consumption has become a significant portion of mobile communication energy usage. For example, Hengshui Telecom currently consumes less than 2.7 kWh per station daily, with a monthly total of approximately 5,000 kWh. This represents a 75% reduction compared to the energy consumption when the company took over the CDMA network in 2008.
There are five major energy-saving technologies currently used in repeaters:
**Time Slot Intelligent Shutdown**
The power amplifier is the most power-hungry component in a repeater. In devices with output power exceeding 20W, the power amplifier typically accounts for 80% of the total energy consumption. In traditional GSM repeaters, the power amplifier remains active regardless of whether the channel is occupied or not. However, during time slots without user activity, the power amplifier can be turned off to save energy. Time slot intelligent shutdown technology leverages this by controlling the downlink power amplifier based on traffic channel occupancy. This precise and efficient method significantly reduces energy consumption in GSM repeaters.
**Predistortion Technology**
Predistortion technology improves the linearity of power amplifiers, allowing them to operate closer to the saturation region. This enables higher output power while consuming less energy. There are two types: analog predistortion (APD) and digital predistortion (DPD). APD involves inserting a predistorter before the amplifier input to counteract non-linearities, but it offers limited improvement in linearity. DPD, a more advanced technique, uses digital processing to achieve high linearity and efficiency, though it is more complex to implement.
**Intelligent Working State Switching**
This technology allows the system to adjust the uplink power of the repeater based on user activity. If there is no user activity on the downlink, the uplink channel can be automatically shut down. When a mobile device connects, the system switches back to normal operation. This feature helps reduce power consumption, especially during low-traffic periods like late at night, when the uplink channel is often in sleep mode, further saving energy.
**Intelligent Carrier Scheduling**
In areas with fluctuating traffic, such as schools or office buildings, carrier scheduling can be used to turn off parts of the repeater’s RF switch during low-traffic hours. This helps save energy. Users can manually or automatically control the carrier pool through the network management interface. When traffic increases, the system activates the necessary carrier frequencies, ensuring efficient resource allocation.
**Miniaturized Design**
Modern repeaters use multi-density carriers and broadband radio frequency technology to support 4–6 carriers within a single module. This design reduces the overall size, weight, and standby power requirements. The unit can be as small as one-fourth of the original size, reducing material usage such as aluminum, silver, and copper. High-efficiency switching power supplies are also employed to improve power conversion efficiency and minimize energy loss.
Looking ahead, future repeaters are expected to become even smaller and more energy-efficient. In regions with abundant sunlight, such as western Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, solar-powered repeaters offer a sustainable solution. These systems consist of solar panels, controllers, and batteries, providing continuous power even during cloudy days. The controller manages the charging process and protects the battery from overcharging or discharging.
Another emerging approach is the construction of a refined network focused on energy savings. Instead of large-scale network expansions, micro base stations and low-power signal boosters are used to cover small areas precisely. This reduces unnecessary resource waste and lowers emissions. Some devices can even be powered via a computer's USB port, making them highly efficient and environmentally friendly.
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