Although power management is critical to the reliable operation of modern electronic systems, the last blind spot in today's systems may be the voltage regulator. Because for the voltage regulator, there is no way to directly configure or monitor the operating parameters of its critical power system. Therefore, power designers have been forced to use a bunch of mixed sequencers, microcontrollers and voltage monitors to set up basic regulator functions such as startup and safety. Although digital programmable DC / DC converters have been in use for many years (most notably the VRM core Power Supply controlled by VID output voltage), there has been a lack of monitoring the working status information (especially real-time current) directly from the voltage regulator Ability.
Digital power system management can set and monitor various power parameters through a computer interface, and this blind spot is being eliminated. Programmable parameters include output voltage, sequencing, tracking, delay and ramping of multiple rails, overcurrent limit and overvoltage limit setpoints, and operating frequency. Digital power system management can also read back telemetry data and report input voltage, output voltage / current, temperature and even faults.
System designers of network equipment are being forced to increase the data throughput and performance of the system, and are also forced to increase functionality. At the same time, they are also under pressure to reduce the overall power consumption of the system. The data center's challenge is to rearrange work processes and transfer jobs to underutilized servers, allowing other servers to shut down to reduce overall power consumption. In order to meet these needs, knowing the power consumption of end-user devices is crucial. A well-designed digital power management system can provide users with power consumption data, allowing intelligent energy management decisions to be made.
Multi-rail circuit board-level power system
Most embedded systems are powered by a 48V backplane. This voltage is usually reduced to a lower intermediate bus voltage (such as 12V) to power the circuit boards in the rack in the system. However, most of the sub-circuits or ICs on these circuit boards are required to operate at a current of tens of mA to hundreds of A in the voltage range below 1 to 3.3V. Therefore, a point-of-load (POL) DC / DC converter is required to step down from the intermediate bus voltage to the voltage required by the subcircuit or IC. These rails usually have strict requirements for sequencing, voltage accuracy, margin adjustment and supervision.
In a data communications, telecommunications, or storage system, it is not uncommon to have up to 20 POL voltage rails, so system designers need a simple way to manage the output voltage, sequencing, and maximum allowable current requirements of these rails . Many processors require the I / O voltage to rise before the core voltage, while some DSPs require the core voltage to rise before the I / O voltage. Power-off sequencing is also necessary. Therefore, designers need to make changes very easily to optimize system performance, and need to store a set of specific configurations for each DC / DC converter to simplify the design work.
To protect expensive ASICs from possible overvoltage conditions, high-speed comparators must monitor the voltage value of each rail, and if a rail exceeds the specified safe operating limits, take immediate protective action. In the digital power supply system, the PMBus alarm line can be used to notify the host that a fault has occurred, and the slave rail can be turned off to protect the powered device (such as ASIC). To achieve this, reasonable accuracy and a response time of tens of μs are required.
LTC3880 / -1 can provide highly accurate digital power system management, with high-resolution programmability and fast telemetry data readback, real-time control and monitoring of key load point converter functions. The device is a dual output, high efficiency, synchronous step-down DC / DC controller that provides an I2C-based PMBus interface with more than 100 instructions and a built-in EEPROM. The device also has the best analog switching regulator control The device and accurate mixed-signal data conversion can achieve unmatched ease of design and management of the power system, and it is supported by the LTpowerPlay software development system with an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI).
The LTC3880 / -1 can adjust two independent outputs or can be configured as a two-phase single output. Up to 6 phases can be interleaved and paralleled to achieve accurate current sharing among multiple ICs, thereby minimizing the input and output filtering requirements for high current or multiple output applications. The built-in differential amplifier provides true remote output voltage sampling. The integrated gate driver powers all N-channel power MOSFETs within an input voltage range of 4.5 to 24V. The device can generate up to 5.5V with an output current of up to 30A per phase over the entire operating temperature range, and the accuracy of the output voltage is ± 0.50%. Accurate timing and event-based sequencing covering multiple chips allows for more complex Rail system realizes optimization of power-on and power-off. The LTC3880 has a built-in LDO to power the controller and gate driver, while the LTC3880-1 allows the use of an external bias voltage to achieve the highest efficiency. Both devices are packaged in a thermally enhanced 6mm × 6mm QFN-40 package.
Control interface for digital power system management
The purpose of developing the PMBus command language is to meet the needs of large multi-track systems. PMBus is an open standard power management protocol that uses a fully defined command language to provide communication with power converters, power management devices, and system host processors. Convenience. In addition to a set of well-defined standard commands, PMBus-compatible devices can also use their own dedicated commands to provide innovative methods for setting and monitoring POL DC / DC converters. The protocol is implemented through the industry standard SMBus serial interface, which can set, control and monitor power conversion products in real time. The standardization of the instruction language and data format allows the firmware to be developed very easily, thereby accelerating the time to market.
The programmable control parameters of the LTC3880 / -1 include output voltage, margin adjustment, current limit, input and output monitoring limit, power-on sequencing and tracking, switching frequency, and identification and traceability data. The built-in precision data converter and EEPROM allow the collection of regulator configuration settings and telemetry variable values, including input and output voltage and current, duty cycle, temperature, and fault records, and non-regulation of these settings and variable values Volatile storage. Figure 1 shows some of the parameters that can be set with the LTC3880 / -1, the high-resolution telemetry readback capability of the device, and the resolution and accuracy of similar alternative solutions.
The configuration of the LTC3880 / -1 is easily saved to the internal EEPROM through the I2C serial interface of the device. Since the configuration is stored in the chip, the controller can be powered on autonomously without increasing the burden on the main processor. The default settings for output voltage, switching frequency, phase, and device address can be optionally configured through an external resistor divider. Multiple designs can be easily calibrated and configured in firmware to optimize a single hardware design for a range of applications.
Analog control loop
LTC3880 / -1 is a digital programmable controller that can implement many functions, such as controlling output voltage, current limit setpoint and sequencing, etc. The device also has an analog feedback control loop to achieve the best Loop stability and transient response without quantization effects like digital control loops.
Figure 2 shows the different ramp curves of a controller IC with an analog feedback control loop (LTC3880) and a digital feedback control loop. The analog loop has a smooth slope, while the digital loop acts like a step function, which may cause the following problems: stability, slow transient response, the need for larger output capacitance in some applications, and causing larger output ripples Wave digital loop quantization effect.
In addition, due to the existence of the ADC, digital compensator, and digital PWM, depending on the ADC resolution and loop design, the quantization effect of the digital control loop additionally increases the output ripple voltage. In contrast, the analog control loop does not have this additional output ripple voltage.
in conclusion
One of the main advantages of digital power system management is the reduction of design costs and the acceleration of the product's time to market. Using a comprehensive development environment with an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) allows complex multi-voltage rail systems to be developed efficiently. In addition, such systems can also use the GUI (rather than soldering assembly) to make related adjustments, thereby simplifying online testing (ICT) and circuit board debugging.
Another benefit is that, because real-time telemetry data is available, it is possible to predict power system failures and take preventive measures. Perhaps most importantly, DC / DC converters with digital management capabilities allow designers to develop green power systems that can reschedule workflows and transfer jobs to underutilized servers, allowing other servers to shut down, Therefore, such systems can decide when to reduce the overall power consumption to meet the target performance requirements. Digital power system management can minimize the energy consumption of load points, circuit boards, racks and even installation, thereby reducing the cost of infrastructure and the overall cost of the product throughout its lifetime.
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