Universal Serial Bus (USB) has become a standard in modern electronics due to its fast data transfer speeds, plug-and-play capabilities, and ease of expanding peripheral devices. It is widely used in computers, digital gadgets, and measurement systems. On the other hand, ARM-based embedded processors are popular for their low cost, high performance, and energy efficiency, making them ideal for applications such as industrial automation, automotive control, home networking, and wireless communication. Combining USB with an ARM processor offers a powerful solution for efficient data acquisition, processing, and real-time transmission.
1. Overview of the USB Data Acquisition SystemA typical USB data acquisition system consists of two main components: the host and the USB device. In this setup, a personal computer acts as the USB host, while the USB data acquisition module functions as the USB device, connected via a USB interface. Once the module is connected, the host recognizes and initializes the device through a process called enumeration. After initialization, the host sends collection commands and configuration parameters to the module. Upon receiving these instructions, the module parses and executes the command, then transmits the acquired data back to the host through the same USB connection.
From a structural perspective, the USB system can be divided into three layers: the bus interface layer, the device layer, and the functional layer. The interface layer handles the physical interactions, including signal transmission, electrical standards, and data packet handling. The device layer manages the USB protocol stack and facilitates communication between the host and the device. Finally, the functional layer provides the specific features required by each device, such as sensor readings or control functions. This hierarchical design ensures modularity and simplifies development, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1: USB Data Acquisition System
2. Design of the Data Acquisition SystemWhen designing a data acquisition system, choosing highly integrated components not only simplifies the development process but also enhances the system's reliability and performance. Moreover, since USB devices are powered by the bus, using highly integrated components helps reduce the load on the USB bus, which is especially important when power is limited. However, the use of such components may increase development costs, so a balance must be struck between performance, cost, and complexity.
Figure 2: Hierarchical Structure of the USB System
There are two main approaches to developing USB-based systems. One involves using a microcontroller with built-in USB support, while the other uses a standard microcontroller combined with a separate USB communication chip. The latter method is more common today because it is mature, cost-effective, and easier to implement. For example, the STM32 series of ARM microcontrollers include both an analog-to-digital converter and a USB controller, allowing a single chip to handle both data acquisition and transmission without the need for additional hardware. However, this approach may require more complex debugging and testing during development.
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