Universal Serial Bus (USB) has become a standard interface in modern computing, widely used for connecting peripherals, digital devices, and instrumentation due to its high data transfer speed, plug-and-play functionality, and ease of expansion. On the other hand, ARM-based embedded processors are increasingly popular in various applications such as industrial automation, automotive systems, home networking, and wireless communication, thanks to their low power consumption, cost-effectiveness, and strong performance. Integrating USB with ARM technology offers an efficient solution for data acquisition, processing, and real-time transmission, making it a powerful choice for modern embedded systems.
1. Overview of the USB Data Acquisition SystemA typical USB data acquisition system is composed of two main components: the host and the USB device. In this setup, the PC acts as the USB host, while the USB data acquisition module serves as the peripheral device connected via a USB interface. Once the module is connected, the host recognizes the device through a process called enumeration. After successful initialization, the host sends configuration commands and task parameters to the acquisition module. The module then processes these commands, collects the required data, and transmits it back to the host through the same USB interface.
From a software and hardware perspective, the USB system can be structured into three layers: the bus interface layer, the device layer, and the functional layer. The bus interface layer handles the physical connections, including signal transmission and electrical characteristics. The device layer manages the USB protocol stack and facilitates communication between the host and the device. Finally, the functional layer provides specific functionalities based on the device’s purpose, such as data collection or control. This hierarchical structure ensures flexibility and modularity, making it easier to design and implement complex USB-based systems.
Figure 1: USB Data Acquisition System
2. Design of the Data Acquisition SystemWhen designing a data acquisition system, selecting highly integrated components can significantly simplify development and improve system reliability. Moreover, since USB devices are powered by the host, using a highly integrated device helps reduce the load on the USB bus. However, integrating advanced features often increases the cost, so a balance must be struck between performance, cost, and development complexity.
Figure 2: Hierarchical Structure of the USB System
There are two primary approaches to developing USB systems: one involves using a microcontroller with built-in USB support, while the other relies on a standard MCU combined with a dedicated USB communication chip. The latter method is more commonly used today due to its maturity and lower development costs. For example, the STM32 series of ARM processors include both an ADC and a USB controller, allowing a single chip to handle both data acquisition and communication. This eliminates the need for an additional USB chip, although it may require more complex debugging during the development phase.
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