What is a substation, an opener, a substation, a power distribution room, a box change, a transformer station

**Substation** A substation is a crucial facility in the power system that transforms voltage, receives and distributes electrical energy, controls the flow of electricity, and adjusts voltage levels. It connects different voltage levels through transformers and plays a key role in ensuring the efficient and safe transmission of power from power plants to end-users. Substations can be classified based on their size and function: small ones are often referred to as substations, while larger ones may handle both step-up and step-down operations. The main components include switches and transformers. Substations are typically located close to load centers for economic efficiency, avoiding areas with flammable or explosive materials. They should be situated upwind to prevent dust and fiber accumulation and should not be placed in crowded areas. Safety measures such as fire prevention, corrosion resistance, waterproofing, and protection against animals are essential in their design and operation. The primary purpose of a substation is to convert high-voltage electricity generated at power plants into lower voltages suitable for consumer use. This is done to minimize energy loss during long-distance transmission. For example, power is stepped up to 500,000 volts before being transmitted over long distances and then stepped down to 220 volts for household use. **Power Distribution Room** A power distribution room, also known as a distribution station, is a facility that distributes electrical energy without the presence of a main transformer. It typically operates at voltages below 35kV and contains switches, capacitors, and protective devices. Unlike a substation, it does not have a transformer and is primarily used for local power distribution within buildings or residential areas. Distribution rooms are critical to a building’s power supply system and require constant monitoring by trained personnel. Unauthorized individuals are not allowed inside, and strict safety protocols must be followed. While these rooms generate some electromagnetic radiation, it is well within national safety standards and poses no significant health risk. However, noise from the equipment may be an issue, though it generally remains within acceptable limits. **Switching Facility** A switching facility is a power distribution point that allows for circuit opening and closing without changing the voltage level. It is typically located after a substation and serves to distribute power to surrounding units. These facilities are essential for segmenting the power supply, reducing the impact of faults, and improving overall system reliability. They are commonly found in industrial areas, train stations, and other locations with high power demands. Switching facilities help increase the number of feeder circuits without altering the voltage, making them an efficient part of the power grid. **Box Transformer (Box Change)** A box transformer, also known as a pre-fabricated substation, is a compact, fully enclosed unit that combines high-voltage switchgear, a transformer, and low-voltage distribution equipment. It is designed to be moisture-proof, rust-proof, and secure, making it ideal for urban environments, construction sites, and remote locations. These units are commonly used in residential areas, factories, and temporary power needs. They provide a simple and effective way to step down high-voltage electricity to a usable level, such as converting 10kV to 380V. Box transformers are especially useful in situations where space is limited or where a quick installation is required. **Traction Substation** A traction substation is specifically designed to supply power to electric railways, trams, and underground transit systems. It converts high-voltage alternating current (typically 110kV or 220kV) into single-phase 27.5kV AC, which is then supplied to the contact network along the railway line. Traction substations are strategically placed along electrified rail lines, usually spaced about 40–50 kilometers apart. They help maintain stable power supply and ensure the safe and efficient operation of electric trains. In longer railway systems, additional substations are installed to divide the high-voltage transmission lines and limit the impact of potential faults. **Partition Kiosk** A partition kiosk is a facility located between two traction substations, allowing adjacent sections of the contact network to be operated either in parallel or separately. If a fault occurs in one section, the kiosk helps isolate the affected area, minimizing the disruption to the rest of the system. This device improves the flexibility and reliability of the power supply by enabling cross-regional power distribution and limiting the scope of any electrical faults. It plays a vital role in maintaining the continuous operation of electric railway systems.

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