1 Tracing back to the source, The Times, October 3, 1881, reported that the Savoy Theatre in London, England, used incandescent light sources instead of gas lamps in theatrical performances. The incandescent light source has since entered the stage of drama history. After that, other theaters followed suit. The addition of incandescent light sources has triggered an unprecedented revolution in the stage lighting industry. It has a long history of 129 years from the initial vacuum bubble, bubble filling, to the current tungsten halogen lamp. The tungsten halogen lamp currently used is filled with a proper amount of halogen elements (bromine or iodine, etc.) in the quartz bulb to form a tungsten halogen cycle in the bulb, prolonging the life of the filament, and optical properties (color temperature, luminous efficiency). The parameters have also been greatly improved. At this point, the development of incandescent light sources has come to an abrupt end, and there has never been a qualitative leap.
The incandescent light source once brought great changes to the stage lighting, and because of its excellent dimming performance, low technical content, and low one-time investment, it is still active in the theater stage, but its original status has been seriously threatened. The main drawback is the use of energy-intensive incandescent sources. In recent years, the new generation of light sources represented by LEDs has made rapid progress, and the stage lamps have ushered in a new dawn.
2 the main drawbacks of incandescent light source
Traditional stage lighting uses incandescent light sources, and there are many drawbacks in practical applications:
(1) Low luminous efficiency and high thermal radiation
The incandescent light source is a heat radiation source, which is a light source that passes through the filament to heat it to an incandescent state, hence the name "incandescent" light source. Most of the light it radiates is invisible infrared light, and visible light is only a small part of it.
After measurement, the luminous efficiency is between 10 lm/W and 30 lm/W, which is a great waste of electrical energy. Infrared light causes thermal effects, and a large amount of heat accumulated in the theater is radiated by it. Offsetting this part of the heat will inevitably increase the cost of electricity consumption of the air conditioner. This is a long-term, no small expenditure. And the heat radiated by the lamp increases the difficulty of the light, and it is easy to be burnt if not paying attention. Especially in the summer, the heat radiated by the lamps makes the lighter's work harder. In addition, the life of an incandescent light source is only a few hundred hours at most, and the shortest is only a few tens of hours. The light source must be replaced frequently, and the use cost is high. In addition, if you forget to preheat the filament in winter, the filament is easily broken when stroking, which directly affects the normal performance of the performance.
(2) Configuration dimmer brings many problems
The stage performance needs to control the brightness of the light to "fade, dark, and dark", so an additional dimmer is needed to control the brightness. Dimmers have generally experienced the era of resistors, transformers, and thyristor dimmers. Today's thyristor dimming brings problems such as radio harassment and inter-phase interference, such as making the speaker emit a "sniff" sound, the filament humming, and the flashing of the lamp. To overcome these problems, many anti-interference measures must be taken, which will inevitably increase the complexity of the theater project, causing a lot of unnecessary waste, and it is impossible to completely suppress the interference. Sinusoidal electronic dimmer with IGBT tube as the core device (reducer and transformer dimming are also sinusoidal dimming, plus "electronic"
The second word indicates that it uses power electronics technology to show the difference) and because of its high price, it has not been promoted in China. But in any case, traditional stage lighting must be equipped with expensive dimming cabinets and dimming boxes for stage performances, which is undeniable.
(3) There are many limitations when it comes to manufacturing shades.
The incandescent light source emits dazzling white light, and the stage performance requires a lot of color to dye the stage space, the scenery, the props and the characters to create a dramatic atmosphere. To get a variety of shades, you must add a color filter to the light exit of the fixture. This method adopts the principle of color subtraction. Only the part of the light that meets the spectral composition of the color filter can pass, and other lights are “rejectedâ€, and the utilization rate of the light source is very low, especially to obtain high saturation. Cool light, the transmittance is even less than 10%. The luminous efficiency of incandescent light sources is inherently low, so the actual light is even less. In order to obtain high-saturation color light, a large number of high-powered traditional stage lamps are often used to obtain the desired color light effect. The same traditional stage lighting needs to project a variety of color light, usually installed in front of the roller blind color changer, the color of the color changer is extremely limited, at most only a dozen, and the color paper is easy to fade due to high temperature baking . When the color change is performed, the motor rotates and the color paper shakes, which will cause noise and even malfunction, which will seriously damage the performance atmosphere.
3 LED's main advantages and new stage lighting
3.1 The main advantages brought by LED
Following the three generations of incandescent, fluorescent, and metal halide lamps, LEDs are known as fourth-generation sources. LED not only overcomes the above drawbacks of incandescent light source, but also has the characteristics of incandescent light source for continuous dimming (fluorescent lamp and metal halide lamp are generally not available), which lays a solid foundation for LED in the field of stage lighting.
(1) Energy saving and environmental protection
The luminous efficiency of LEDs is very high, usually about 3 times that of incandescent light sources. The luminous efficiency of commercial LEDs has reached 148 lm/W, and the LEDs in the laboratory have reached 208 lm/W. Improve, the power load is greatly reduced, and high brightness can be obtained with low power, which is in line with the basic national policy of energy saving, environmental protection and sustainable development. LED life is very long, up to tens of thousands of hours (depending on chip quality, manufacturing process, heat dissipation conditions, usage, etc.), which is dozens of times the life of incandescent light sources. Long life expects a significant reduction in later use and maintenance costs. The LED has almost no heat radiation, which greatly saves the electricity cost of the theater air conditioner. The actors and the light personnel do not have to endure the baking under the traditional stage lighting. It is convenient and fast for the light, and the actors can also perform more fully. LEDs do not have a glass casing, which guarantees the health and safety of actors and operators to a certain extent, and will be welcomed in practical use. The LED is free of mercury and lead and is environmentally friendly. It is an environmentally friendly light source.
(2) Convenient dimming
The LED luminaire has a built-in low-voltage DC power supply, and its brightness change and color change are realized by pulse width modulation technology. LED luminaires are controlled by DMX signals from the lighting console, and some are also locally controllable, eliminating the need for dimmers, color papers, and color changers (except white LEDs). If the LED luminaire is widely used in the theater stage, the dimmer will no longer be the core of the lighting system, it will gradually withdraw from the theater stage, and the area of ​​the lighting equipment room where the dimming cabinet and the dimming box are placed will be reduced or even completely cancelled. The interference problem caused by the thyristor will no longer exist, and the power distribution system will be greatly simplified. LED adopts the principle of color addition, different colors are mixed in different proportions, almost all colors can be obtained, unwanted color light is not generated, greatly improving the utilization of electric energy, green energy saving. Some LED luminaires use a combination of high color temperature LEDs and amber or white LEDs. By adjusting the proportional relationship between them, the color temperature of the light source is adjusted. The color temperature range is about 2 700 K to 6 500 K. Between, and during the dimming process, the color temperature of the light source remains basically the same, which is also beneficial for the camera to perform live video recording.
(3) Advantages in landscape lighting applications
LED lamps have been widely used in tunnel lighting, landscape lighting and other fields, and have been well received. For example, the lighting project of Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel advocates the concept of green environmental protection. The ordinary fluorescent lamp is replaced by LED, which is expected to reduce energy consumption by 30%. Another example is the use of many energy-saving technologies in the Shanghai World Expo Park. A total of about 1.05 billion energy-saving and environmentally-friendly LED chips are used in landscape lighting, and the energy-saving efficiency can reach more than 70%. From one side, the city is vividly explained. The beautiful theme of the Expo will lead the future. The colorful and colorful color effect of LED makes the night light of the Expo Park beautiful and beautiful, and it is a wonderful feast of color and vision.
LED has the advantage of energy saving and environmental protection, and is highly respected by the whole world. Therefore, its demand is very huge. When the demand for a commodity is very large, the price will naturally fall. Because there are many people studying it and developing it, its performance is constantly improving, and the price is always falling. Once there is a market, more people will delve into it, study it, performance will be further improved, prices will fall further, the market will be bigger, and eventually a virtuous circle will be formed. Today's LED is such a commodity, the stage lighting industry should seize this opportunity. The world's favor for LEDs will surely promote the smooth development of stage lighting on the new development path.
3.2 new stage lighting
New stage lighting fixtures using LEDs are currently available in two forms. One is that each LED chip is equipped with a properly designed concentrating cup to project a beam of slightly diffused light. Some special special lenses are added in front of the lens to change the angle of the lens through the back and forth movement of the lens. The purpose of size. The other is to use LED modules packaged by multiple LED dies. This type of LED module is undoubtedly a charcoal for the new development of stage luminaires. Stage luminaires have very high requirements for beam controllability, such as concentrating, spotting, etc., and the illuminant of a single source is more convenient for beam control. We can develop new types of optical structures using traditional stage luminaires. Stage lighting reduces the technical difficulty of redesigning the optical structure of the luminaire, saving research funding and shortening development time to a certain extent. According to related reports, the heat dissipation technology of LED chips is constantly improving. Under the premise of ensuring the long life of LEDs, the luminous efficiency of LED modules is also constantly improving. In May 2010, at the China International Professional Audio, Light, Instrument and Technology Exhibition held in Beijing, the power of LED single chip has reached 60 W, and the power of 4 chip modules has reached 90 W, which is a step further from the large luminous flux required by the stage. . This is a great boon for the new development of stage lighting.
Some new LED stage lightings have emerged, which deserves our understanding, learning and reference.
(1) Robert Juliat's ALEDIN imaging light
The ALEDIN imaging light (see 1) is the first 85W LED imaging light from Robert Juliat. The lamp debuted at the 2009 Pro Light+Sound show in Frankfurt, Germany, and immediately provoked enthusiastic response from the industry. The imaging lamp is a lamp that is urgently needed in the theatrical performance. It can be used for fixed-point light, dividing the stage space, partially depicting, and projecting various light and shadow shapes. In view of the current low power of 85W, it has been able to replace traditional imaging lamps when shooting at close range.
It has three selectable zoom ranges: 28°5°, 16°3°, 11°2°. After 50 000 h, the luminous flux maintenance rate exceeds 70%. The LED imaging lamp has a much lower temperature than the conventional imaging lamp body. Therefore, it is mentioned in the product manual that in addition to the common metal pattern sheet and glass. Plastic pattern sheets can also be used outside the pattern sheet, which reduces the difficulty and cost of the pattern sheet to a certain extent. The birth of LED imaging lights is a milestone for the innovation of stage lighting.
(2) ETC's Selador series of LED lamps
The Selador series of lamps have: Lustr (see 2), Paletta, Vivid-R, Vivid Fire, Vivid Ice, a total of 5 LED lamps. They won the Innovation Award at the 2009 UK International Professional Lighting/Audio Show and the Best Lighting Award at the 2010 Middle East Dubai International Instrumental Lighting and Sound Show. The biggest feature of this series of lamps is the use of 7 different colors of Luxeon Rebel 2.5W LED chips (Fire and Ice are 5 colors), as shown. Compared with the 3-color LED, the 7-color LED is greatly expanded in color gamut, and more colors can be mixed. It is worth mentioning that the white light mixed by the 7-color LED is more pure, and the Lustr luminaire has been used as the main light in some foreign studios, so in some small theaters such as black box, such as scenes that do not require high levels of scattered light, It can also be used as a front light. The Fire and Ice fixtures are available in both saturated and bright colors, so the lighter can't put it down. In a foreign opera "Flying Dutchman", the lighting division set up 21 21-inch Ice lamps in the sidelights, backlights, and footlights to create an icy fjord scenery and a night of the ocean under the storm. (). The lighting engineer was surprised by the performance of these luminaires. This energy-saving, environmentally friendly, low-power, low-calorie luminaire creates a refreshing stage lighting effect that goes beyond traditional high-power luminaires.
(3) ADB's ALC4 skylight
ADB uses Philips' RGBW four-color, 40 W Lexel LED module, which uses four Lexel LED modules as the light source to develop a new ALC4 skylight (see 6). As mentioned above, LEDs have inherent advantages in color. The brightness of the light emitted by the 160 W power canopy can reach 1 kW. The brightness of the traditional skylight with iodine-tungsten lamps, and the single lamp can mix almost all colors. Therefore, it is not necessary to use several sets of different colors of the skylights to save the number of lamps. The unique feature of ALC4 is the use of internal light mixing technology. After being blocked by characters or props, it will not produce colored shadows, which will satisfy the lighting engineer. Tailored for the ground row and the skylights, the lamp uses an asymmetric scoop-shaped high-reflectivity reflector to make the light distribution on the skylight very uniform. In a world tour concert, a total of 48 (24 at the bottom and the top) ALC4 canopy light projected a giant canopy of 30 m × 9 m. The lighting master praised the staining effect of the sky. If the traditional skylight projection is used, the power consumption is huge, and the choice of color is limited to a certain extent.
(4) Numerous LED dyeing lamps and LED downlights
These LED lamps are usually formed by organic combination of 3 to 5 color LEDs, which have the characteristics of small power, uncontrollable light beam, small lamp body and light weight. Applicable to some small theater dramas, the creation of the drama works have a charm.
These may be just a small part of the new stage lighting, which cannot be fully enumerated due to limited personal experience. In terms of these new stage lamps, we have made bold breakthroughs in lamp types (ALEDIN, ALC4), color and color mixing (Selador series lamps, ALC4), and achieved new breakthroughs. Only the power of the luminaire is still small, and it is still waiting for the upstream enterprises to further improve the power and efficiency of the LED, or to redesign the optical structure, and develop a new stage luminaire using the medium-power LED chip. In addition, this innovation is better if it can synchronize the automation of stage lighting at a low price.
4 microwave coupled trigger light source and its lamps
In addition to LEDs, the introduction of a microwave-coupled trigger source (Plasma Source, also translated into a plasma source) represented by Luxim's LIFI light source has opened up a new path for the development of stage lighting, bringing us new Hope. The LIFI light source has no electrodes, and it uses an advanced microwave triggering method instead of the conventional electrode triggering method to generate a high-temperature plasma that emits light. The fundamental change of the trigger mode makes the LIFI light source have a long life of 10 000 h, compact size (like a capsule), semi-thermal restart, and more complete spectrum. The LIFI source developed by Luxim for performing arts lighting has been used by SeaChanger. Based on the original stage lighting, the company replaced the HPL halogen bulb with LIFI light source and developed new stage lamps such as Nemo Profile(), Nemo Wash(), Nautilus Profile, Nautilus Wash and CTE. Some theaters have started to use these lamps. . In addition, Ceravision also launched a high-efficiency microwave-coupled trigger light source (HEP, called High Efficiency Plasma) in late 2009 with a luminous efficiency of 90 lm/W. Alvara series lighting products have been introduced, and HEP may one day be used for stage lighting. Come in the field.
5 Conclusion
Due to the particularity of the stage performance, the requirements for the lamps are more demanding, requiring durability, light weight, small size, no noise, and the best price is low. The optical characteristics should be achieved: effective luminous flux, continuous dimming, and good spot quality. The types of lamps must have both soft and floodlights, as well as concentrating and imaging lamps. However, LED lamps are currently more expensive, and the market demand for stage lamps is much smaller than other lighting industries. Manufacturers have limited capital investment. Therefore, the development of new stage lamps is relatively lagging behind. Fortunately, some theatrical performances have gradually begun to use these lamps, and have achieved good results. New stage lighting has emerged, and should be gradually developed and expanded on this basis, until the final replacement of traditional stage lighting, forming a new series of stage lighting products. The popularity time may be quite long, but the prospects are very bright. The development of science and technology will promote the stage lighting of the 21st century to "energy saving, environmental protection, green"
The direction is constantly moving forward.
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