Smart locks typically use one of three power topologies: linear regulators, boost converters, or buck converters. Choosing the right one for your design is crucial, as it directly impacts battery life, efficiency, and overall performance. The success of any IoT device hinges on its ease of use—this includes not only simple connectivity and control but also minimal maintenance. How often do users have to replace batteries? A longer battery life means fewer interruptions and a more reliable user experience.
A smart lock usually relies on a wireless microcontroller (MCU), such as the SimpleLink™ Bluetooth® low-power CC2640R2F, along with a motor driver like the DRV8833 and other peripherals like LEDs. Powering these components efficiently requires converting battery voltage to the appropriate level for the load. This can be done in three main ways: using a low-dropout (LDO) linear regulator, a step-up (boost) DC/DC converter, or a step-down (buck) DC/DC converter.
Figure 1 shows a basic smart lock block diagram using an LDO, such as the TPS76625. While LDOs are cost-effective and easy to implement, they tend to be less efficient, especially under higher current loads. This inefficiency can significantly reduce battery life, which is a major concern for devices that operate primarily in standby mode.
Figure 2 presents a block diagram with a boost converter, such as the TPS61030. In this configuration, four AA batteries are used to power the motor driver via the boost topology, while the MCU is connected directly to the battery. Although this setup offers good efficiency, the boost converter generates more heat and power loss, which can affect long-term reliability.
Figure 3 illustrates a block diagram using a buck converter, specifically the TPS62745 ultra-low power buck converter. These types of converters are highly efficient, especially in standby mode, making them ideal for smart locks that spend most of their time in low-power states. This efficiency translates into longer battery life and better performance over time.
Figure 4 compares the battery life of each power topology. Assuming the lock is used 12 times per day, the battery life depends heavily on how often the wireless MCU connects to the network. Each connection consumes power, so optimizing the number of connection attempts is key. With a standard connection time of 500ms, four AA alkaline batteries can last up to 60 months (five years) when using the most efficient power solution.
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